Breast cancer is one of the most talked-about diseases in the world, yet it remains widely misunderstood especially here in Nigeria. Too many conversations about it are filled with half-truths, fear, and cultural silence. 

These misunderstandings stop people from getting the right information, from getting help early, or even from talking about it at all.

Globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer is now the most common cancer among women, with about 2.3 million new cases in 2022 and some 670,000 deaths. 

What many people do not know is that although women make up the vast majority of cases, men can also be affected and almost all of the myths below breed more fear and delay than help.

Let’s walk through seven widely believed assumptions (mistaken beliefs) about breast cancer, followed by the facts you should know. 

Only women get breast cancer

Why people believe it: Because breast cancer is much more common in women, many people assume it cannot happen to men.

The truth -While women are far more likely to develop breast cancer, men do have breast tissue and can develop the disease too. In fact, about 0.5%–1% of all breast cancer cases occur in men.

Why this matters – Because many men ignore early warning signs, such as lumps, swelling, or nipple changes, thinking it “can’t happen to me.” That delay can make treatment more difficult.

What you should do – If you’re male-or-female and you notice something unusual in your breast area (a lump, discharge, thickening, skin change), get it checked by a qualified doctor. Don’t assume it’s impossible.

If you’re young, you can’t have breast cancer

Why people believe it: Many folks associate breast cancer with older age, so they think “I’m too young for that.”
The truth: Age does raise risk, but breast cancer can affect younger people, including those in their 20s or 30s. Some studies show about 5% of breast cancers occur in women under 40.

Why this matters: The assumption “I’m too young” leads many to skip self-checks or dismiss signs. When younger people get breast cancer, it may also be more aggressive.

What you should do: Make it a habit to know how your breasts normally look and feel, even if you’re young. Report any changes to a health professional without delay.

If it doesn’t hurt, it’s not cancer

Why people believe it: Pain is often associated with something wrong, so the idea is if there’s no pain, there’s nothing to worry about.

The truth – Pain is not a reliable sign of breast cancer. Many early breast cancers are completely painless. What matters more are changes such as a new lump, thickened area, skin texture change, nipple discharge or an unusual swelling. 

Why this matters – Because many cases go unnoticed until the person feels pain and by then, the disease may have progressed.

What you should do: Don’t wait for pain. If you see or feel any abnormal change in your breast, make an appointment with a qualified healthcare provider.

Wearing a bra to sleep or tight bras cause breast cancer

Why people believe it: There are rumours that bras block lymph flow or trap “toxins” and this leads to cancer.

The truth: No credible scientific study links wearing bras (tight ones, under-wired ones, or overnight use) to breast cancer. The American Cancer Society states there is no evidence that bras cause breast cancer.

Why this matters: This myth shifts focus away from real risks (which are biological and lifestyle-related) and can make people worry unnecessarily about things they cannot control.

What you should do: Choose comfortable bras for your own body but know that what matters more is healthy habits (exercise, diet, screening), and staying alert to change in your body.

Breast cancer only happens if someone in your family has it

Why people believe it: Because we hear about “running in the family,” people assume if you have no family history, you’re safe.

The truth: Family history does matter, but the majority of breast cancer cases around 85%, occur in people with no family history of the disease.That means even if no one in your family ever had breast cancer, you can still get it.

Why this matters: People who think they are “safe” because no one in the family had it may skip checks or ignore symptoms.

What you should do: Know your family history, yes but don’t rely on it alone. Maintain awareness, talk to your doctor about your risk, and follow screening guidelines if you’re eligible.

Herbal mixtures and spiritual cleanses can cure breast cancer

Why people believe it: In many communities, herbal remedies and spiritual healing are trusted, familiar, and cheaper than formal medical care.

The truth: While herbal remedies or spiritual practices may provide comfort, relief from symptoms or enhance well-being, none of them has been proven to cure breast cancer.

The only way to improve survival is early diagnosis and proper treatment (surgery, radiation, medication) under a qualified medical professional.

Why this matters: Relying only on unverified treatments delays proper care. By the time medical help is sought, the disease may be advanced and harder to treat.

What you should do: If you notice changes, go to a qualified doctor first. Be open with them about any herbal or spiritual practices you’re using so they can coordinate safe care. Combine good medical advice with safe, complementary practices if desired. but do not skip treatment.

A diagnosis means you’re going to die

Why people believe it: Cancer is often talked about in fearful terms, which leads people to assume the worst at diagnosis.

The truth: A diagnosis of breast cancer is serious, but it is not a death sentence. With earlier detection and modern treatment, many people live full, active lives after diagnosis. The WHO emphasises early diagnosis improves survival significantly.

Why this matters: This assumption breeds hopelessness. It may lead people to avoid diagnosis, say “what’s the use?”, or hide their condition.

What you should do: Focus on hope. If you are diagnosed, ask your doctor about your stage, treatment options, and support networks. Join a support group if you can, and keep faith that many go on to live well beyond their diagnosis.

What You Should Do Instead

Now that we’ve cleared up these assumptions, here are some positive steps you can take to better protect yourself and support others.

• Learn self-examination: Make checking your breasts (or chest area) a routine at least once a month. Know what is normal for you, and watch for lumps, swelling, unusual skin or nipple changes.
• Go for regular screening: If you are in the higher risk group (age, family history, previous breast changes), speak with your doctor about mammograms, clinical exams or other screening methods.
• Live a healthy lifestyle: Keep active, maintain a healthy weight, eat more fruits and vegetables, limit alcohol, and avoid smoking. These steps help reduce your risk.
• Trust qualified medical advice: If you notice something unusual, see a doctor. Do not rely solely on WhatsApp messages, hearsay, or unverified “miracle cures.”
• Talk about it: The more we speak openly about breast cancer especially in Nigeria where stigma can be strong—the more others realise they are not alone, and the more people will act early.
• Support survivors: A person who has had breast cancer needs care, love, and understanding, not pity or silence. Their story matters.
• Stay informed from credible sources: Use reputable organisations such as the WHO, the Nigerian Cancer Society (NCS) or similar bodies for accurate, up-to-date information.